Why does vacuum in steam condenser reduce or drop??

 

1-High exhaust temperature:

Vacuum drops or maintains at lower side due to high exhaust steam temperature flow into steam condenser. This high exhaust temperature is mainly due to

1-Operation of Turbine at lower loads

2-More clearance in labyrinth seals

3-Not operating exhaust hood sprays

4-More load on condenser

5-Breaking of ejector U loop

2-Low circulating cooling water flow



Vacuum in condenser reduces due to inadequate cooling water flow through steam condenser. This is mainly due to;

1-Problems associated with pumps

2-Air pockets in pipe line

3-Leakages in cooling water line

4-Stuck of discharge valve of pump

3-High cooling water temperature at condenser inlet

Higher cooling water temperature at condenser inlet results into reduction of vacuum due to poor heat transfer from steam to water

4-Poor heat transfer in condenser

Very less or poor heat transfer in steam condenser reduces vacuum to very low level resulting into high exhaust temperature & disturbances in hot well level.

Poor heat transfer is due to;

1-Fouling of condenser tubes due to poor water quality

2-High cooling water temperature

5-Air ingress in condenser & other vacuum pulling system

This is the most top reason for sudden drop of vacuum in steam condenser. Air ingress into the condenser is mainly from flange joints, gaskets, valves etc

Passing of vacuum breaker valve also be the one of the reason for maintaining low vacuum in condenser

6-Low steam temperature & pressure at ejector inlet:


Parameters lesser than rec recommended leads to reduction of vacuum pulling

7-Poor heat transfer in steam jet ejectors

This is mainly due to fouling of ejector tubes

steam condenser vacuum & calculations

8-Damages to air ejector nozzles

Increase in nozzle clearances leads to reduction of vacuum creating efficiency of ejectors

9-Breaking of ejector inter condenser U seal loop.

This creates escape of hot condensate directly into condenser leading to increase in exhaust temperature & reduction in vacuum

10-Low gland steam pressure:

Gland steam pressure lesser than design creates ingress of outside air into condenser through turbine glands.

11-Loading the condenser more than design

If the condenser steam load is more than design, vacuum drops slowly

12-High a temperature & low pressure in the atmosphere reduces vacuum pulling efficiency

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What do you mean by Turbine supervisory system???


Steam Turbine SOPs

Why does load hunting occur in steam Turbines??

 If Turbine does not maintain the load as per set load, then this condition is called load hunting.Following are the some potential reasons for load hunting

1-Problems associated with actuators:













These are related to leakages in actuators, piston stuck up, oil holes elongation etc. Because of these issues there will interruption or fluctuation of secondary oil flow through actuators, this creates the problems of actuator miss-operation & eventually load hunting.

2-Improper calibration of actuators:

This results into mismatch of actuator opening & given set point or valve demand

3-Lower control oil pressure than required:

Actuators are designed for specific pressure of control oil, if the control oil pressure at actuator inlet becomes less, then there will be more chances of mal function of actuator.

4-Fluctuation of control oil pressure/flow:

Fluctuation of control oil pressure or flow due to malfunction of pump or line PRV may lead to actuator misoperation & hence creates load hunting.

5-Control oil line leakage:

Leakages in control oil line welding & flange joints will lead to fluctuation of flow & pressure causing actuator malfunction & load hunting.

6-Contamination in control oil

Foreign particles present in oil lead to improper functioning of actuators, which causes load hunting

7-Burs or scoring marks on actuator spindle & control valves spindles:














Burs or any rough scoring marks on spindles will lead to improper operation of actuator & valves

8-Passing of control valves:














This is the major reason for load fluctuation & Turbine over speed

9-Improperly set control valve cones:










During turbine HP valve assembly after maintenance, HP control valve cones should be set as per factory set readings, if it is disturbed, then there will be issues related to load hunting, low load at more HP demand or over speed.

10-Damage or broken control valves spindle & discs (cones):

Spindle damage or disc damage makes uncontrolled operation, as there will be wrong response from control valves to governor.

11-Wrongly tuned P&IDs in Governor: The disturbed values in P&ID tuning will result into heavy load hunting

12-Malfunction of Governor: This is very rare, but certainly results into load fluctuation of Turbine trip

13-Sudden changes in inlet steam pressure & extraction steam pressure

14-Fluctuation of grid frequency

15-Failure of Turbine inlet & extraction pressure sensor

For related articles on power plant Operation & Maintenance click here

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Why does Boilers main steam temperature increase more than design?

 1-Decrease in Economiser inlet feed water temperature

Upon decrease in economiser inlet feed water temperature, fuel consumption in furnace increases & hence main steam temperature increases more than desired.

2-Load on Boilers is more than design

Main steam temperature increases if the steam generation is more than actual designed

3-Leakage in super heater (SH) coils



If there is any leakages in SH coils, steam flow to SH coil decreases & hence main steam temperature increases.

4-Choking in Super heater coils




Super heater coils Choking due to foreign materials & internal scaling due to poor water chemistry leads to less steam flow through coils resulting into higher main steam temperature due to poor heat transfer.

5-Passing of start-up vent control valve

Passing of start-up control valve loads more on Boiler steam generation, hence main steam temperature increases

6-Passing or pop up of drum safety valves : Lifting of drum safety valves lead to less steam flow to SH coils resulting into higher main steam temperature.

7-High moisture fuel: If the fuel moisture is more than required, then water present in the fuel absorbs heat from furnace & transfer heat convectively to SH coil.





8-Low GCV fuel: Burning of low GCV coal in furnace releases more heat & hence MS temperature increases.

Note: Burning of high GCV fuel with high moisture also leads to temperature shoot-up.

9-Failure of attemperator control system or wrongly tuned attemperator control valves.



10-Operating the Boilers at more negative draught: This causes more convection heat transfer in SH, (& also at economizers & APH) leading into high main steam temperature

11-More excess air also can lead to fast heat transfer, which can result into high main steam temperature

12-Wrongly designed SH coils: If there is provision of more heating surface in SH coils, then eventually steam temperature always maintains on higher side.

13-Very Clean & scale free surface of SH coils: Leads to faster heat transfer in SH zones causing more steam temperature

14-High moisture content combustion air leads to increase in MS temperature

15-Lesser turbulence in furnace leads more convective heat transfer at SH zone & eventually results high main steam temperature.

16-Wrongly designed SH & furnace zone: High velocity of FG in furnace & SH zone leads to fast heat transfer, this causes high main steam temperature.

17-Mixing of fuels in furnace: Causes uncontrolled excess air & draught which causes main temperature to increase.


Read related articles

1-Objective QNA for BOE exam preparation

2-Boiler calculations for BOE exam

3-Factors considered for Boiler design & engineering

4-Procedure (SOP) for Boiler gauge glass line up


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Power plant and calculations










1-Powerplants thumb rules

2-Energy conservation in power plant

3-Calculation of PG cost in power plant

4-Steam condenser & vacuum

5-Boiler feed pumps QnA

6-Turbine practical questions & Answers

7-50-QnA on bearings

8-Power plant equipments efficiency calculations

9-Best practices to reduce power plant Auxiliary power consumption

10-Boiler safety valves QnA

11-QnA on fuel handling /belt conveyors

12-Reasons for machine vibrations

13-Thermal expansion in Boilers

14-30-things you must know about steam Turbines

15-QnA on power plant maintenance

16-22-Questions & Answers on Boiler troubleshooting

17-HP dosing system capacity calculations

18-WTP thumb rules

19-WTP QnA

20-Power plant equipments safe preservation methods

21-Fundamental about nut bolts

22-QnA on rigging technology

23-Power generation calculations in steam turbine

24-QnA on spent wash Boilers

25-Questions & Answers on air compressors

26-Know about Valves

27-QnA on batteries

28-IBR forms, acts & Regulations

29-QnA on HP heaters

30-Questions & Answers on Power Transformers

31-Protections & Interlocks in Power plant

32-Reasons for Boiler explosion

33-Reasons for more specific steam consumption of a steam Turbine

34-10-tips to reduce Boiler LOI

35-Procedure (SOP) for Boiler gauge glass line up

36-AFBC boiler questions & Answers

37-Factors considered for Boiler design & engineering

38-Boiler feed pumps design factors & pumps capacity calculation

39-Why does boiler back fire?

40-ESP troubleshooting


























































































Questions & Answers on Boiler feed pumps design , operation & maintenance

  

DESIGN DATA FOR BOILER FEED PUMPS

 Design data from site:

Ø  Type of liquid handled and its maximum & minimum temperatures

Ø  Water qualities like pH & Hardness

Ø  Water Kinematic Viscosity (cst)

Ø  Specific gravity of water at operating temperature

Ø  Net positive suction head required (NPSHR)& available (NPSHA)

Ø  Boiler capacity & operating pressure

Ø  Maximum & operating blow down rate of Boiler

Ø  Height of Steam drum

Ø  Height of Deaerator (Water inlet source)

Ø  Pressure drop in Economiser

Ø  No.of valves used in feed water discharge line & corresponding pressure drop as per standard.

Ø  Maximum & minimum suction pressure available at pump suction

Ø  Type of cooling water & its maximum flow available for bearings cooling

 Pump Design Data:

Ø  Rated flow (M3/hr)

Ø  Rated head (meters)

Ø  Nominal speed & Effective speed (RPM) (NS > ES)

Ø  NPSHR (meter)

Ø  Pump & Motor efficiency

Ø  No.of stages of pump

Ø  Motor rating

Ø  Pump suction & discharge nozzles sizes

Ø  Vapour pressure (kg/cm2)

Ø  Pump’s shut off head (meter)

Ø  Pump minimum flow (25 to 30% depends on pump operating head & flow)

Ø  Cooling water pressure

 

 

Other considerations:

Ø  Balance leak off water flow source (generally balance leak off water is diverted to Deaerator)

Ø  Pump Rotation direction (Clock wise viewed from drive end)

Ø  Cooling water flow rate (LPM)

Ø  Pump’s suction & discharge elements hydro. Test pressures

Ø  Material of constructions (MOC) of all pump internals

Ø  Type of coupling used between pump & motor shaft

Ø  Type of Shaft seal used (Mechanical seal)

Ø  Protections given for pump (Protections like, bearing vibration sensors, bearing temperature sensors, pressure relief valve for balance leak off line, phase sequence relay for direction of rotation, cooling water pressure, pump over load etc)

Calculate the boiler feed pump and motor size required for a boiler of capacity 90 TPH has steam drum working pressure 88 kg/cm2. The height of the drum is 35 meter from boiler feed pump Centre. And the suction water to pump is taken from Deaerator which is situated 15 meter above the pump centre.

Given that,

Boiler capacity: 90 TPH = 90 M3/hr

Steam drum operating pressure = 88 kg/cm2

Steam drum height from pump centre = 35 meter

Height of Deaerator tank from pump centre =15 meter

Assumption:

Boiler blow down 1%

Deaerator operating level from floor: 2.5 meter

Pressure drop in Boiler economizer: 2.5 kg/cm2

Pressure drop in feed water control station: 5 kg/cm2

Pressure drop in line, gate and globe valves and bends of feed water line: 5 Kg/cm2

Pump operating temperature: 110 °C

Economizer out let feed water temperature: 275 °C

Pump and motor efficiency: 65% and 95% respectively.

Total required discharge head for pump = (Drum operating pressure + Drum height (m) + Economiser pressure drop + Control valve pressure drop + Pressure drop in line, gate and globe valves and bends) X 1.10 (Take 10–15% extra margin)

= (88 kg/cm2 + 35 meter + 2.5 kg/cm2 + 5 kg/cm2 + 5 kg/cm2) X 1.1

Convert all the pressure head into gravity head in meter from formula P = Density X g X H…by taking the densities of fluids (water) at operating temperatures.

 P = Desnity X g X H

       

Then, we have,

Total discharge head = (1248 m + 35 m + 33 m + 52.5 m + 52.5 m) X 1.1 = 1563 meter

Pump rated flow = (Boiler MCR + Blow down %) X 1.25 (Take 25–30% extra margin)

                           = (90 + (90 X 1/100)) X 1.25

                    = 113.625= 115 M3/hr

The Capacity of flow seems more, it is better to consider 3 pumps 2 running & 1 stand by

Case-I:

Select 2 Nos of pumps 1 working & 1 standby (1W+1S)

For motor power, we have

Pump hydraulic power Ph = (Flow (m3/sec.) X Total head (Hd - Hs) X g (m/sec2) X density of feed water at 110 °C)/1000

                                          = 0.0319 X (1563 - 15 - 2.5) X 9.81 X 951/1000

                                          = 459.94 KW

Pump shaft power Ps = Pump hydraulic power X 100/Pump efficiency

                                   = 459.94 X 100/65 = 707.60 KW

Motor input power = (Pump shaft power X 100/Motor efficiency) X 1.10

                       = (707.60 X 100/95) X 1.10

                       =819.32 KW

From motor selection chart select Standard sized motor that is 825 KW

Case-II

Select 3 Nos of pumps, 2 Working & 1 stand by (2W+1S)

Then, capacity of the one pump = 115/2 = 57.5 M3/hr (May take 58 m3/hr round figure)

For motor power, we have

Pump hydraulic power Ph = (Flow (m3/sec.) X Total head (Hd - Hs) X g (m/sec2) X density of feed water at 110 °C)/1000

                                    = 0.01611 X (1563 - 15 - 2.5) X 9.81 X 951/1000

                                    = 232.28 KW

Pump shaft power Ps = Pump hydraulic power X 100/Pump efficiency

                             = 232.28 X 100/65 = 357.35 KW

Motor input power = (Pump shaft power X 100/Motor efficiency) X 1.10

                       = (357.35 X 100/95) X 1.10

                       = 376.16 KW

From motor selection chart select Standard sized motor that is 375 KW

 

Comparing Case-1 & II

Total Installation capacity of Boiler feed pumps for case-1 = 825 X 2 = 1650 KW

Total Operation power = 825 X 85% = 701.25 KW

 

Total Installation capacity of Boiler feed pumps for case-II = 375 X 3 = 1125 KW

Total Operation power = 375 X 2 X 85% = 637.5 KW

 

In view of energy conservation considering Case-II is feasible. But in view of installation & maintenance cost Case-I is feasible.

General Questions & Answers on BFPS

1-What is the function of Boiler feed pumps (BFP) in power plant?

Functions:

To supply the feed water to boilers

To conduct the Boiler hydraulic tests

To supply the desuperheating & attemperator water required for process steam lines & boilers respectively

  2-What are the type of prime movers (drives) used for BFPs?

Prime movers:

  • LT drive (415 V)
  • HT drive (11 KV)
  • Turbo drive (Steam driven)

3-What are the auxiliaries associated with BFP?

BFP auxiliaries

  • Cooling water pump & lines
  • Lube oil system
  • ARC valve
  • Mechanical seal flushing system
  • Balance leak off line & its PRV

4-What are the various pipe lines connected to BFP?

  • Suction pipe line
  • Discharge pipe line
  • Bearing cooling water lines
  • Jacket cooling water lines
  • Mechanical seal flushing line
  • ARC line (Minimum re circulation line)
  • Impulse lines for instrumentation measurements (Suction pressure, discharge pressure, Differential pressure, balance leak off pressure)
  • Balance leak off line

5-What is the size of suction strainer of a BFP

It is generally 30 to 40 mesh, that is 30 or 40 hole openings in 1 linear inch on strainer.

A SS 30 wire mesh is generally wrapped on SS mesh having hole openings around 3 to 4 mm

6-What are the different protection devices given for boiler feed pumps?

  • Pressure relief valve
  • Balance leak off line
  • Auto re circulation valve

7-What is the function minimum re circulation line or Automatic re circulation valve (ARC VALVE?)

Minimum re circulation line is provided mainly for centrifugal pump with constant speed drive based on the system and vendor information. There are two types of minimum continuous flow required by the pump (Stable and Thermal). Pump is designed to operate at the flow greater than this flow rate. If pump is operated at less flow than the minimum continuous stable flow, it will damage bearing and internals and may abnormal vibration occur. Below the minimum continuous thermal flow, temperature of fluid will rise at faster rate. To avoid these problems, minimum re circulation line is provided. If the demand of the fluid is decreased below minimum continuous flow, then the auto re circulation valve of the pump will open and maintains the required flow and if flow increased more than minimum flow then auto re circulation valve closes. Generally for higher head flow like 1500 meter head pump the minimum circulation will be 20–25% of total capacity.

8-What is the function of balance leak off line?

Balance leak off line is used to balance the centrifugal pump shaft from axial thrust. During centrifugal pump operation, especially in multistage centrifugal, suction side will have relatively very less pressure as compared to the discharge side. Because of this, there are lot of possibilities that impeller along with the shaft and bearing will be pushed from discharge end to suction end which is also known as axial thrust. Balance line is used to balance the centrifugal pump shaft from axial thrust. Due to the axial thrust, pump bearings and internals will get damaged. To nullify this effect, a tapping from discharge end (between balancing & counter balancing disc) is connected to a balancing drum.


9-Why the balance leak off line water is not connected to suction line to save the pump hydraulic power instead of directing it into Deaerator?

 Balance leak off water temperature is little bit higher than pump operating temperature which may lead cavitations if it mixes with suction water. For some pumps where there is no risk of cavitations, in such cases this line is connected to suction side of the pump.

10-What is the operating pressure of balance leak off line ?

It is just 0.5 to 1 kg/cm2 more than pump’s suction pressure

10a-What is the standard  gap maintained between balance & counter balance discs?

It is around 0.8 to 1.2mm

 

11-What does it indicate if balance pressure is increasing gradually?

It indicates the wear out of balance or counter balance disc. That is gap or clearance between these two discs has increased

12-How do you calculate the maximum allowable balance leak off pressure?

Maximum allowable balance leak off pressure = 0.03X (Shut off pressure-Suction pressure)+ Suction pressure.

13-What is the velocity of water in the balance leak off line?

It should not exceed 5 m/sec on any account

14-Why the BFP discharge water & balance leak off temperature is slightly more than that of suction water temperature?

15-Due to the compression action of water inside the pump, the water pressure rises around 2 to 3 deg C more than the suction water. Water is an in compressible fluid

15-What do you mean by the shut off pressure in centrifugal pumps?

Shut-off head is a condition, when a centrifugal pump runs with discharge valve closed. It is the maximum head generated by a centrifugal pump with zero flow and relatively less power.

16-How do cavitations occur? What are the abnormal effects of cavitations?

Pump cavitation occurs when the pressure in the pump inlet drops below the vapour pressure of the liquid. Vapour bubbles form at the inlet of the pump and are moved to the discharge of the pump where they collapse and make high sound and vibrations often taking small pieces of the pump with them.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cavitation is often characterized by:

Loud noise often described as a grinding or “marbles” in the pump.

Loss of capacity (bubbles are now taking up space where liquid should be).

Pitting damage to parts as material is removed by the collapsing bubbles.
17-What do you mean by NPSHA & NPSHR in BFPs?

NPSHA: Net positive suction head available is the absolute pressure at the suction port of the pump.

 NPSHR: Net positive suction head required is the minimum pressure required at the suction port of the pump to prevent the pump from cavitations.

NPSHA should be always greater than NPSHR (NPSHA >  NPSHR)

18-What is the significance of NPSH in BFPS?

If BFPs do not have required NPSH, then there will be more chances for formation of cavitations.

How the pump speed is related to NPSH

NPSHR varies approximately with the square of pump speed.

NPSHR = N2

19-How do you calculate the NPSHA ?

NPSHA = Absolute pressure in

NPSHa = Ha +- HZ - Hf + Hv - Hvp

Where, Ha is the absolute pressure on the surface of the liquid in the supply tank.

HZ is vertical distance between the surface of the liquid in the supply tank and the center line of the pump.

Hf is friction losses in the suction piping.

Hv is Velocity head at the pump suction port.

Hvp Absolute vapour pressure of the liquid at the pumping temperature of the pump, it could lead to cavitations of pump.

 

20-What is the significance of vortex breakers in pumps?

A vortex breaker is a device/arrangement in pumps to stop the formation of a vortex when a fluid (liquid or gas) enters into pump suction. The formation of vortices can entrain vapour in the liquid stream, leading to poor separation in process steps such as distillation or excessive pressure drop, or causing cavitations.

21-What are the reasons for Vortexing in pumps?

Vortexing can occur if any of the following conditions are present:

  • Low liquid levels.
  • Liquid level falling greater than 1 Meter/sec.
  • There is a large concentration of dissolved gases in the liquid.
  • High outlet velocities in pipes leaving vessels. Generally greater than 3 meters/sec.
  • Liquids near their vapour point.
  • High circulation caused by asymmetrical inlet or outlet conditions.
  • Inlet piping too close to the wall or bottom of the tank.

22-What are the protection interlocks given for BFPs.

Protection interlocks: That is BFP will trip/stop on following conditions

  • Low Deaerator level
  • High bearing vibrations
  • High bearing temperature
  • Low cooling water pressure
  • More differential pressure of suction strainer
  • High load
  • Higher balance leak off pressure
  • Low speed (<40% of rated speed)

23-Write down the BFP start permissive interlocks

  • Start permissive interlocks
  • Deaerator level normal
  • Bearing temperature normal
  • Bearings vibrations normal
  • Cooling water pressure normal
  • Motor bearing temperature, winding temperatures normal
  • Discharge valve close
  • Suction valve open
  • Suction pressure normal
  • Differential pressure normal
  • Arc Valve open

24-How do you start the BFP?

BFP start up  sequence

  • Ensure all the start permissive are healthy
  • Ensure no maintenance activities are going on BFP & pump is ready to start with all respect
  • Start the pump from DCS by giving >80% command to VFD
  • Observe the bearing temperature, vibration & speed ramp rate
  • Ensure pump has reached its 50% speed within 10-15 seconds
  • If all parameters (discharge pressure, bearing temperature & vibrations, motor current, winding temperatures etc) are normal
  • Then open the discharge valve slowly
  • After 100% opening of discharge valve rise the speed as per your requirement
  • Note: Ensure all the parameters are normal on every operation on BFP

25-Why it is not allowed to run the BFPS at speed lesser than 50% of rated speed?

For journal bearing BFPS at speed < 50%  the oil splash rings will not flash oil in bearings, leading to the damage to the bearings due to low lubricating oil.

26-What will happen if BFPs run in reverse direction?

If pump runs in reverse direction for more than 5 seconds, there will be the more chances of pumps to seize

27-How do you stop the BFP?

  • Pump stop sequences:
  • Reduce the pump speed slowly up to 60% of rated
  • Close the discharge valve
  • Shut down the pump

28-What is the recommended minimum head for BFP operation?

Should not be less than 10% of its rated head except in start-up & shutdown conditions?

29-What will happen if pump is started and stopped with discharge valve open?

  • Pump may trip due to sudden motor over load
  • Alignment may get disturb
  • Shaft coupling may damage
  • May harm to bearings of pumps and motor
  • Piping supports may get disturbed
  • Pump foundation fasteners may get loose
  • So it is always recommended to start and stop the pump with discharge valve close.

29-What are the reasons for pump to seize?

Following conditions can cause pump to seize:

  • No suction or less liquid flow to suction
  • Operating pump continuously at lesser NPSH
  • Reverse direction rotation of pump
  • Damaged strainer
  • Foreign materials in impellers
  • Uneven thermal expansion of pump internals

30-What is the recommended acceptable value for a BFP shaft run out?

 It is around 0.03 mm (Max. 0.05 mm)

 

31-When should one can carry out alignment on BFP

Alignment on BFP shall be done when the temperature of the pump is <50 Deg C or in atmospheric temperature.

32-Why do you use 2 dial gauges for axial alignment of BFP?

 BFP has more axial float that is 8 to 9 mm without bearings & seal & 0.8 to 1 mm with bearings & seal, so in order to get accurate readings 2 dial gauges are used for angular alignment & 1 dial gauge for parallel alignment. Refer above figure

 33-What are the shutdown preservation methods for BFP?

 Shutdown preservation method

  • Depressurize the pump
  • Drain all the water
  • Fill the pump with 1:2 or 1:1  Glycol water mixture.
  • Rotate the pump shaft twice in a week

34-What is the recommended bearing temperature for BFPs?

It should be less than 75 deg C (Max 90 deg c)

35-What are the recommended bearing vibrations for BFPs?

It should be less than 3 mm/sec (Max 5 mm/sec)

36-What is the allowable leakage drops for BFP mechanical seal

15 drops/minute

37-What should be allowable the DP across strainer

38-What is the filter mesh size for BFP oil replacement

Mesh size is 30 micro meters

39-What preventive maintenance activities that you are going to carryout on BFPS?

Preventive maintenance activities:

  • Pump cleaning
  • Oil level checking & top up if required
  • Alignment correction
  • Suction strainer cleaning
  • Cooling water lines flushing
  • Foundation bolts tightness checking

40-What is the acceptable impeller & wear ring clearance in BFP

0.1 to 0.3 mm max.

 Boiler feed pumps start up & shut down procedure

15-Emergencies in power plant operation

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